cooperation

Studies of collective behavior usually focus on how crowds of organisms coordinate their actions. But what if the individuals that don’t participate have just as much to tell us?

In the “underground economy” for soil nutrients, fungi strike hard bargains and punish plants that won’t meet their price.

Researchers are beginning to understand the ways in which viruses strategically manipulate and cooperate with one another.

Population expansion may be a major driver in the evolution of cooperation, with implications for new antibiotics, cancer treatments and perhaps even human behavior.