evolutionary biology

If we want to understand complex constructions, such as ourselves, assembly theory says we must account for the entire history of how such entities came to be.

A glass sponge found deep in the Pacific shows a remarkable ability to withstand compression and bending, on top of the sponge’s other unusual properties.

In three bursts of adaptive change, one species of cichlid fish in Lake Tanganyika gave rise to hundreds.

In the “underground economy” for soil nutrients, fungi strike hard bargains and punish plants that won’t meet their price.

For more than six decades, the influential biologist Edward O. Wilson has drawn connections between evolution, ecology and behavior, often sparking controversies inside and outside of science.

Skyrocketing animal diversity a half-billion years ago was linked to spikes and dips in marine oxygen levels, according to a detailed geological study.

Among these cave insects, the females evolved to have penises — twice. The reasons challenge common assumptions about sex.

For decades, researchers have commonly assumed that higher oxygen levels led to the sudden diversification of animal life 540 million years ago. But one iconoclast argues the opposite: that new animal behaviors raised oxygen levels and remade the environment.