Synthetic biology

In a year packed with fascinating discoveries, biologists pushed the limits of synthetic life, probed how organisms keep time, and refined theories about consciousness and emotional health.

Modern scientists aren’t content with predicting how life evolves. They want to shape it.

By watching “minimal” cells regain the fitness they lost, researchers are testing whether a genome can be too simple to evolve.

By genetically instructing cells to perform tasks that they wouldn’t in nature, synthetic biologists can learn deep secrets about how life works. Steven Strogatz discusses the potential of this young field with researcher Michael Elowitz.

Using inserted genetic circuitry, synthetic biologists controlled the growth of plant roots for the first time.

Synthetic biology experiments suggest a “MultiFate” model for how genetically identical cells become the many different types found in complex organisms like us.

Life could use a more expansive genetic code in theory, but new work shows that improving on three-letter codons would be a challenge.

A 3D digital model of a “minimal cell” leads scientists closer to understanding the barest requirements for life.

The molecular signaling systems of complex cells are nothing like simple electronic circuits. The logic governing their operation is riotously complex — but it has advantages.