ecology

Among these cave insects, the females evolved to have penises — twice. The reasons challenge common assumptions about sex.

New work at the intersection of atmospheric science and ecology is finding that forests can influence rainfall and climate from across a continent.

Paradoxically, the abundance of tight interactions among living species usually leads to disasters in ecological models. New analyses hint at how nature seemingly defies the math.

Maria-Luiza Pedrotti is illuminating the unseen worlds of plastic-eating bacteria that teem in massive ocean garbage patches.

Some species have the equivalent of many more than two sexes, but most do not. A new model suggests the reason depends on how often they mate.

Layered deposits of coral skeletons hold vast stores of environmental data from thousands of years ago, including annual records of ocean temperatures, water pollution and storm activity.

New modeling studies suggest that birds migrate to strike a favorable balance between their input and output of energy.

For decades, researchers have commonly assumed that higher oxygen levels led to the sudden diversification of animal life 540 million years ago. But one iconoclast argues the opposite: that new animal behaviors raised oxygen levels and remade the environment.

Modelers find evidence that a combination of competition, predation and evolution will push ecosystems toward species diversity anywhere in the universe.